Which of the following factors may lead to venous insufficiency?

Venous insufficiency occurs when veins cannot effectively return blood from the extremities back to the heart, leading to pooling of blood and increased pressure in the veins. One significant factor contributing to venous insufficiency is prolonged periods of inactivity. When a person remains in one position, especially sitting or standing for extended durations, the normal muscle contractions that help pump blood back toward the heart are hindered. This reduced movement can cause blood to stagnate in the lower limbs, potentially damaging the vein valves that prevent backflow, ultimately leading to venous insufficiency.

On the other hand, high-density lipoprotein levels, frequent aerobic exercise, and strict dietary control do not inherently cause venous insufficiency. High-density lipoprotein is associated with cardiovascular health and is protective against vascular diseases. Frequent aerobic exercise actually helps improve venous return by promoting better circulation through muscle activity. Similarly, strict dietary control, particularly when focused on maintaining a healthy weight, can reduce factors that contribute to venous problems, rather than causing them.